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Table 3 Average and standard deviation results of fitting the VCDM to the PODDS-CI1 dataset five times using PSO. The fitted variables were the βe and α VCDM parameter values, the maximum layer strength, τmax, and the initial shear strength, τc. Also shown is the relative similarity between prediction and observation time-series using the Nash Sutcliffe (Model) Efficiency Index (NSEI) and the number of iterations the PSO algorithm took to converge. 4* shows data after selection due to data quality considerations

From: Calibrating and validating a combined accumulation and mobilisation model for water distribution system discolouration using particle swarm optimisation

Flush

Value

βe

α

Ï„max

Ï„c

NSEI

Iterations

1

average

6.41E-04

0.6

N/A

1.07

0.89

164

1

SD

4.47E-07

0.0

N/A

0.03

0.00

53

2

average

5.00E-04

0.6

N/A

4.11

0.74

173

2

SD

8.71E-06

0.0

N/A

0.35

0.00

31

3

average

1.60E-01

0.5

2.3

0.67

−0.21

176

3

SD

3.32E-01

0.1

1.0

1.49

1.32

70

4

average

2.26E-03

71.8

6.2

3.34

−0.64

186

4

SD

3.33E-03

155.8

2.7

4.55

0.93

80

4*

average

1.01E-03

0.4

5.7

0.02

−0.08

212

4*

SD

1.77E-04

0.1

3.4

0.01

0.28

74

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